1. Product Composition and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, creating a metallurgically adhered core-shell design.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical robustness with tensile staminas going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper covering– generally 2– 10% of the overall diameter– imparts excellent electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface in between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is engineered through electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to make certain solid attachment and very little interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is the most usual technique, supplying accurate thickness control and uniform protection on continuous steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate bathrooms.
Appropriate surface pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes certain ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination during subsequent processing or solution.
Gradually and at elevated temperature levels, interdiffusion can create brittle iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which may endanger adaptability and long-term reliability– an obstacle mitigated by diffusion barriers or quick handling.
1.2 Physical and Practical Properties
CCSFs integrate the most effective characteristics of both constituent metals: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the superior conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity generally ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending upon coating thickness and pureness, making CCSF significantly extra conductive than pure steel fibers (
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