1. Origin, Composition, and Molecular Design
1.1 Natural Resource and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering agents are acquired mostly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir by-products such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Via controlled alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural proteins are broken down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) useful teams.
This twin affinity allows the molecules to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces during mechanical oygenation, reducing surface tension and stabilizing bubble formation– a crucial demand for generating consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal healthy protein foaming representatives are eco-friendly, non-toxic, and display outstanding compatibility with Rose city cement systems because of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– usually in between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly influences foam stability, drainage price, and bubble size, making procedure control throughout hydrolysis essential for constant efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When diluted with water (usually at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented into a foam generator, the protein remedy develops a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This film stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of larger bubbles at the expense of smaller ones– by developing a mechanically durable interfacial layer reinforced through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam exhibits high growth proportions (normally 15– 25:1) and reduced water drainage prices (
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